![]() ![]() Arch Latinoam Nutr 49((3) Suppl (2)):34–39īeck FW, Kaplan J, Fitzgerald JT, Brewer GJ (1997) Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. Clin Toxicol 37:279–292īeard JL (1999) Iron deficiency and neural development: an update. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 90–106īarber S (1995) Soil nutrient bioavailability, 2nd edn. In: Robson AD (ed) Zinc in soils and plants. J Trace Elem Exp Med 9:117–132īarak P, Helmke PA (1993) The chemistry of zinc. Plant Physiol 14:599–602īai Y, Hunt CD (1996) Dietary boron enhances efficacy of cholecalciferol in broiler chicks. J Food Compos Anal 7:59–82Īrnon DL, Stout PR (1939) Molybdenum as an essential element for higher plants. Hortic Sci 25:1488–1495Īnderson DL, Cunningham WC, Lindstrom TR (1994) Concentrations and intakes of H, B, S, K, Na, Cl and NaCl in foods. Mt Res Dev 27:331–335Īnderson JW (1990) Dietary fibre and human health. Environ Geochem Health 31:537–548Īndersen P (2007) A review of micronutrient problems in the cultivated soil of Nepal. IFA/IZA, Paris/BrusselsĪlloway BJ (2009) Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Elsevier Academic Press, London, pp 347–372Īlloway BJ (2008) Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. In: Selinus O, Alloway B, Centeno JA, Finkelman RB, Fuge R, Lindh U, Smedley P (eds) Essentials of medical geology-impacts of the natural environment on public health. In: Goyal A (ed) Crop plant, InTech, Available from: books/crop-plant/boron-deficiency-in-soils-and-crops-a-review, pp 77–114Īlloway BJ (2005) Bioavailability of elements in soil. J Agric Res 47:329–338Īhmad W, Zia MH, Malhi SS, Niaz A, Saifullah (2012) Boron deficiency in soils and crops: a review. ![]() KeywordsĪhmad W, Niaz A, Kanwal S, Rahmatullah, Rasheed MK (2009) Role of boron in plant growth: a review. In this chapter, we discuss sources of microelements, their transformations in soil, functions in plants and humans, effects of their deficient and excessive uptake on plants and humans, and the approaches to optimize their levels in plants and humans. Correction of deficiencies and optimization of micronutrient levels in humans depends on several factors including current dietary intake, food habits and the nutrient content of the food items consumed, metabolic pathway of a nutrient, current body stocks, age, gender, and body weight. Micronutrient level in humans can be optimized through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing their concentrations and/or bioavailability in food products. Deficiencies of microelements in soil and plants can be corrected by applying chemical fertilizers either alone or in combination with organic manures. Microelements in humans play several physiological functions including synthesis of enzymes, hormones and other substances, helping to regulate growth, development and functioning of the immune and the reproductive systems. Micronutrient deficiencies in plants not only limit agricultural production but also affect human nutrition as plant food is the main source of dietary intake. Besides being component of enzymes, certain microelements are involved in activation of enzymes and play a role in oxidation-reduction reactions of plant metabolism. Microelements perform a variety of functions in plants. The microelements in soils undergo several transformations and their availability to plants depends on the chemical form and distribution between soil’s solid and liquid phases, which is influenced by soil conditions, particularly pH, texture and soil aeration status. ![]() Soil is the main source of microelements for plants, except in situations of large atmospheric deposition or from flooding by contaminated waters. Some of the microelements may be toxic when consumed at high amounts. Microelements are used in relatively small amounts and constitute less than 0.1% of dry plant tissue. In addition to these plant essential microelements, human beings and animals require chromium (Cr), iodine (I) and selenium (Se). zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), boron (B), chlorine (Cl) and nickel (Ni) have been recognized as essential and silicon (Si), sodium (Na), cobalt (Co), and strontium (Sr) as beneficial or quasi-essential for plants. ![]()
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